1 00:00:00,003 --> 00:00:02,753 (crowd chanting) 2 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 3 00:00:03,918 --> 00:00:07,490 In 1979, a revolution topples Iranian ruler, 4 00:00:07,490 --> 00:00:09,630 Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. 5 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 6 00:00:09,630 --> 00:00:13,613 And with that, a monarchy of more than 2,500 years. 7 00:00:14,480 --> 00:00:18,147 (speaking foreign language) 8 00:00:20,038 --> 00:00:21,850 (crowd chanting) 9 00:00:21,850 --> 00:00:24,230 That's the way authoritarian regimes fall. 10 00:00:24,230 --> 00:00:26,934 First gradually and then suddenly. 11 00:00:26,934 --> 00:00:28,830 (crowd chanting) 12 00:00:28,830 --> 00:00:33,393 The Shah's mistake was to want to do too much too fast. 13 00:00:34,510 --> 00:00:36,430 Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, 14 00:00:36,430 --> 00:00:37,920 Persia's last emperor, 15 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:39,740 was a key figure in world politics 16 00:00:39,740 --> 00:00:41,883 in the second half of the 20th century. 17 00:00:46,960 --> 00:00:51,000 His fiercest opponent Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini. 18 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:53,240 The Ayatollah becomes the bearer of hope 19 00:00:53,240 --> 00:00:55,393 for all those who are against the Shah. 20 00:00:56,483 --> 00:01:00,150 (speaking foreign language) 21 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:09,470 They became very fierce antagonists absolutely. 22 00:01:09,470 --> 00:01:13,800 And the Shah developed an almost obsession with him. 23 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:15,010 Their rivalry lasted 24 00:01:15,010 --> 00:01:17,230 for almost their entire lives. 25 00:01:17,230 --> 00:01:19,600 In the end, the Shah is defeated. 26 00:01:19,600 --> 00:01:21,580 The Ayatollah is victorious 27 00:01:21,580 --> 00:01:24,290 and with him Islamic fundamentalism. 28 00:01:24,290 --> 00:01:26,553 A new challenge for world politics. 29 00:01:27,636 --> 00:01:30,386 (crowd chanting) 30 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:49,900 In September, 1941, 31 00:01:49,900 --> 00:01:53,100 a young man becomes the new ruler of Iran. 32 00:01:53,100 --> 00:01:56,850 At just 21 years of age Shan Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 33 00:01:56,850 --> 00:01:58,820 is sworn in as the new Head of State 34 00:01:58,820 --> 00:02:00,500 in the Iranian parliament, 35 00:02:00,500 --> 00:02:02,400 in the middle of the second world war. 36 00:02:08,150 --> 00:02:11,853 His father, Reza Shah Pahlavi had remained neutral, 37 00:02:12,690 --> 00:02:16,630 but he made no secret of his sympathies for the Nazi regime. 38 00:02:16,630 --> 00:02:19,503 The allies demanded his resignation. 39 00:02:23,700 --> 00:02:26,460 Since Hitler's attack on the Soviet Union, 40 00:02:26,460 --> 00:02:28,840 the British and the Americans depend on Iran 41 00:02:28,840 --> 00:02:32,330 for the transport of heavy war materials to Russia 42 00:02:32,330 --> 00:02:34,693 for the fight against the German Reich. 43 00:02:39,187 --> 00:02:42,854 (speaking foreign language) 44 00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:56,700 Mohammed Reza had been prepared for this task 45 00:02:56,700 --> 00:02:58,620 by his father from an early age. 46 00:02:58,620 --> 00:02:59,770 Among his siblings, 47 00:02:59,770 --> 00:03:01,973 he has a special role as Crown Prince. 48 00:03:03,040 --> 00:03:05,060 His father selects his playmates 49 00:03:05,060 --> 00:03:07,620 and sends him to a Swiss elite boarding school 50 00:03:07,620 --> 00:03:09,443 to give him a Western education. 51 00:03:14,180 --> 00:03:16,403 Finally, he tells him who to marry. 52 00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:19,813 It's the Egyptian Princess Fawzia. 53 00:03:21,820 --> 00:03:24,630 With the arranged marriage between the two dynasties, 54 00:03:24,630 --> 00:03:28,253 the father wants to reinforce the Pahlavi's power in Iran. 55 00:03:31,490 --> 00:03:35,510 And he was a very, very powerful charismatic figure, 56 00:03:35,510 --> 00:03:38,193 who completely dominates the son's life. 57 00:03:41,440 --> 00:03:44,230 300 kilometers Southwest of Tehran, 58 00:03:44,230 --> 00:03:47,170 the Oasis town of Khomein is situated. 59 00:03:47,170 --> 00:03:49,950 In 1902, Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini 60 00:03:49,950 --> 00:03:52,730 is born in a house on the outskirts of that town. 61 00:03:52,730 --> 00:03:54,363 The youngest of six children. 62 00:03:55,260 --> 00:03:56,663 He never meets his father. 63 00:03:58,290 --> 00:04:00,750 His father is murdered when he's five months old 64 00:04:00,750 --> 00:04:02,623 under suspicious circumstances. 65 00:04:04,720 --> 00:04:07,563 Khomeini will later hold Reza Shah accountable. 66 00:04:10,380 --> 00:04:12,990 Until the end of his days Ayatollah Khomeini 67 00:04:12,990 --> 00:04:17,610 thought that Reza Shah personally had intervened 68 00:04:17,610 --> 00:04:18,690 to save the murder. 69 00:04:18,690 --> 00:04:21,120 That was that bitterness left in him, 70 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:23,530 because in his writings, you know, 71 00:04:23,530 --> 00:04:25,317 every now and then he says, 72 00:04:25,317 --> 00:04:28,467 "Those whose fathers have been killed by Reza Shah." 73 00:04:32,340 --> 00:04:34,690 Khomeini grows up without a father. 74 00:04:34,690 --> 00:04:37,420 This will impact him all his life. 75 00:04:37,420 --> 00:04:39,770 His mother takes Khomeini to a wealthy aunt 76 00:04:39,770 --> 00:04:42,373 who makes sure he receives a good education. 77 00:04:47,260 --> 00:04:50,720 At five years of age, Khomeini starts school. 78 00:04:50,720 --> 00:04:54,400 A village teacher teaches him how to read and write. 79 00:04:54,400 --> 00:04:56,100 He's a fast learner. 80 00:04:56,100 --> 00:04:59,170 Among his classmates he's the most gifted. 81 00:04:59,170 --> 00:05:02,493 While others play, he studies and reads the Quran. 82 00:05:06,193 --> 00:05:08,650 Before Reza Shah was forced to abdicate, 83 00:05:08,650 --> 00:05:11,840 he had started extensive reforms in Iran. 84 00:05:11,840 --> 00:05:14,870 He wanted Persia to become a modern state. 85 00:05:14,870 --> 00:05:16,270 This included the fact 86 00:05:16,270 --> 00:05:19,180 that women were no longer allowed to wear a Chador, 87 00:05:19,180 --> 00:05:21,130 the traditional veil. 88 00:05:21,130 --> 00:05:23,330 The clergy saw this as an assault 89 00:05:23,330 --> 00:05:25,593 on religious matters and protested. 90 00:05:29,000 --> 00:05:32,550 For Khomeini who was studying Islamic theory of law by then, 91 00:05:32,550 --> 00:05:36,889 this was a fundamental violation of the principles of Islam. 92 00:05:36,889 --> 00:05:40,556 (speaking foreign language) 93 00:05:58,470 --> 00:06:00,050 Reza Shah's abdication 94 00:06:00,050 --> 00:06:01,570 under pressure from the allies 95 00:06:01,570 --> 00:06:04,430 must have been greatly gratifying for him. 96 00:06:04,430 --> 00:06:06,690 He demands that Iran will now be ruled 97 00:06:06,690 --> 00:06:08,840 according to Islamic law again. 98 00:06:08,840 --> 00:06:11,503 This demand doesn't have any effect yet. 99 00:06:15,430 --> 00:06:19,690 Reza Shah dies in exile in South Africa in 1944. 100 00:06:19,690 --> 00:06:23,390 If not before, now with his son transferring the body 101 00:06:23,390 --> 00:06:25,700 all eyes are on the new Shah. 102 00:06:25,700 --> 00:06:27,540 People wonder how he will solve 103 00:06:27,540 --> 00:06:29,040 the conflict with the clergy, 104 00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:31,240 which he inherited from his father. 105 00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:33,300 So far, he'd been perceived 106 00:06:33,300 --> 00:06:35,373 as rather restrained by the public. 107 00:06:40,810 --> 00:06:41,787 As Shakespeare says, 108 00:06:41,787 --> 00:06:44,330 "Some have greatness thrust upon them 109 00:06:44,330 --> 00:06:46,490 and some seize greatness." 110 00:06:46,490 --> 00:06:51,120 Mohammad Reza Shah had the monarchy thrown upon him. 111 00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:52,460 And there was a big difference 112 00:06:52,460 --> 00:06:54,930 with someone who goes and grabs power 113 00:06:54,930 --> 00:06:56,723 and creates the modern state, 114 00:06:58,100 --> 00:07:00,883 with someone who was essentially a reluctant king. 115 00:07:04,810 --> 00:07:08,120 The young Shah acts surprisingly resolutely. 116 00:07:08,120 --> 00:07:09,210 Like his father, 117 00:07:09,210 --> 00:07:11,700 he wants to modernize state and society 118 00:07:11,700 --> 00:07:15,203 but end his father's confrontational course with the clergy. 119 00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:21,280 His subsequent opponent Khomeini 120 00:07:21,280 --> 00:07:24,090 now teaches Islamic theory of law. 121 00:07:24,090 --> 00:07:26,750 He finds a sympathetic ear in younger students 122 00:07:26,750 --> 00:07:28,690 who become radicalized. 123 00:07:28,690 --> 00:07:32,360 One group names themselves Fadaiyan-e Islam 124 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:36,250 These martyrs of Islam are Shiite fundamentalists. 125 00:07:36,250 --> 00:07:38,140 They come from the ghettos of Tehran 126 00:07:38,140 --> 00:07:40,910 and demand the establishment of a theocratic state 127 00:07:40,910 --> 00:07:43,020 on the basis of the Quran. 128 00:07:43,020 --> 00:07:45,630 Any Western influence is to be banned. 129 00:07:45,630 --> 00:07:48,163 Women must wear veils in public again. 130 00:07:51,040 --> 00:07:52,940 Within a couple of years, 131 00:07:52,940 --> 00:07:54,980 they really became very important. 132 00:07:54,980 --> 00:07:56,060 Because they first of all, 133 00:07:56,060 --> 00:08:01,060 they assassinated a top intellectual Mr. Ahmad Kasravi 134 00:08:01,810 --> 00:08:04,570 who campaigned against Islam as a whole. 135 00:08:04,570 --> 00:08:06,330 Then they proceeded further 136 00:08:06,330 --> 00:08:10,780 and assassinated the prime minister General Razmara. 137 00:08:10,780 --> 00:08:15,780 And Khomeini was the cleric who gave them clerical cover 138 00:08:18,540 --> 00:08:21,990 because you know in Islam or at least in Shiite Islam, 139 00:08:21,990 --> 00:08:24,110 you can't just go and kill somebody 140 00:08:24,110 --> 00:08:29,000 unless a clerical authority writes a fatwa. 141 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:31,800 For example, like Khomeini wrote against Salman Rushdie. 142 00:08:33,240 --> 00:08:35,290 In early 1949, 143 00:08:35,290 --> 00:08:38,490 there's an assassination attempt on the Shah as well. 144 00:08:38,490 --> 00:08:40,820 It was probably carried out by a terror group 145 00:08:40,820 --> 00:08:43,240 but this has never been proven. 146 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:45,090 The Iranian parliament blames 147 00:08:45,090 --> 00:08:48,253 the Moscow following Tudeh Party and bans it. 148 00:08:49,100 --> 00:08:51,210 This comes in useful for the Shah, 149 00:08:51,210 --> 00:08:52,780 for communist ideology 150 00:08:52,780 --> 00:08:56,530 is equally as suspicious to him as is radical Islam. 151 00:08:56,530 --> 00:08:59,343 His political path is directed towards the West. 152 00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:07,473 I'm looking forward with the keenest anticipation 153 00:09:08,754 --> 00:09:11,421 to all that I have to experience 154 00:09:14,212 --> 00:09:19,212 here in the greatest of the democracies in the free world. 155 00:09:23,550 --> 00:09:25,540 In November, 1949, 156 00:09:25,540 --> 00:09:27,770 the American President Harry S. Truman 157 00:09:27,770 --> 00:09:29,490 and the American people 158 00:09:29,490 --> 00:09:32,143 welcome Shah Mohammad Reza exuberantly, 159 00:09:33,160 --> 00:09:35,870 but not exactly selflessly. 160 00:09:35,870 --> 00:09:39,463 They want to secure access to the huge oil reserves in Iran. 161 00:09:44,840 --> 00:09:46,270 The Shah on the other hand 162 00:09:46,270 --> 00:09:47,780 needs support for his plans 163 00:09:47,780 --> 00:09:49,633 to modernize Iran from the bottom. 164 00:09:50,490 --> 00:09:53,010 He's interested in all technical innovations 165 00:09:53,010 --> 00:09:55,000 like the Hoover Dam. 166 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:57,893 Not everyone likes his enthusiasm for the West. 167 00:09:59,172 --> 00:10:02,839 (speaking foreign language) 168 00:10:20,507 --> 00:10:25,507 The global economic boom after the war requires fuel, oil. 169 00:10:25,770 --> 00:10:27,840 In Abadan near the Persian Gulf, 170 00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:30,133 the world's greatest refinery is built. 171 00:10:31,670 --> 00:10:33,950 Since the beginning of the 20th century, 172 00:10:33,950 --> 00:10:37,000 oil production had been mainly in British hands. 173 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:39,920 In Iran, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 174 00:10:39,920 --> 00:10:41,913 is like a State within a State. 175 00:10:46,410 --> 00:10:47,750 When the Iranian Parliament 176 00:10:47,750 --> 00:10:51,910 decides to nationalize the oil industry in March, 1951, 177 00:10:51,910 --> 00:10:55,050 Great Britain pulls the oil plug on Iran. 178 00:10:55,050 --> 00:10:57,663 Many British experts have to leave the country. 179 00:11:00,840 --> 00:11:04,080 The takeover of the oil facilities by a national company 180 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:06,300 is cheered on boisterously, 181 00:11:06,300 --> 00:11:08,460 but the oil embargo soon forces 182 00:11:08,460 --> 00:11:11,040 the country's economy to its knees. 183 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:13,960 Extremist parties like the communist Tudeh Party 184 00:11:13,960 --> 00:11:15,550 take advantage. 185 00:11:15,550 --> 00:11:17,133 They become very popular. 186 00:11:21,560 --> 00:11:24,450 The Shah temporarily flees into exile 187 00:11:24,450 --> 00:11:26,390 out of the line of fire. 188 00:11:26,390 --> 00:11:27,760 The Mullahs and their followers 189 00:11:27,760 --> 00:11:30,240 and different political groups like the communists 190 00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:32,340 who aim for the abolition of the monarchy, 191 00:11:32,340 --> 00:11:33,930 and a People's Republic, 192 00:11:33,930 --> 00:11:35,713 fight for dominance in Iran. 193 00:11:37,060 --> 00:11:39,360 The Shah only manages to stay in power 194 00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:41,890 through the intervention of the USA. 195 00:11:41,890 --> 00:11:44,220 The American secret service CIA, 196 00:11:44,220 --> 00:11:46,360 supports him with a lot of money 197 00:11:46,360 --> 00:11:49,510 and helps him to establish his own secret service, 198 00:11:49,510 --> 00:11:50,343 the SAVAK. 199 00:11:51,220 --> 00:11:55,010 Our Shah became a kind of Roman Caesar. 200 00:11:55,010 --> 00:11:57,960 You know, involved in day-to-day business, 201 00:11:57,960 --> 00:12:00,010 involved in day-to-day wars. 202 00:12:00,010 --> 00:12:02,900 And if like the Roman Caesar, 203 00:12:02,900 --> 00:12:05,120 you become involved in day-to-day 204 00:12:05,120 --> 00:12:07,270 like Julius Caesar, somebody will kill you. 205 00:12:10,150 --> 00:12:11,280 During this time, 206 00:12:11,280 --> 00:12:13,640 Khomeini doesn't make any public statements 207 00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:15,370 on political questions. 208 00:12:15,370 --> 00:12:18,370 He withdraws to his house in the Holy City of Qom, 209 00:12:18,370 --> 00:12:20,890 where he lives with his wife and children. 210 00:12:20,890 --> 00:12:24,070 Only his most dedicated followers come to see him, 211 00:12:24,070 --> 00:12:25,530 but they don't say a word 212 00:12:25,530 --> 00:12:27,973 about what Khomeini discusses with them either. 213 00:12:29,950 --> 00:12:33,640 In solitude, the clergyman continues his work on his ideas 214 00:12:33,640 --> 00:12:36,540 for the Islamization of the Iranian State, 215 00:12:36,540 --> 00:12:38,773 discreetly but with confidence. 216 00:12:40,530 --> 00:12:44,590 He is extremely confident when he meets the Shah in person. 217 00:12:44,590 --> 00:12:46,630 On behalf of the Grand Ayatollah, 218 00:12:46,630 --> 00:12:49,500 Khomeini asks the Shah to pardon one of the assassins 219 00:12:49,500 --> 00:12:53,103 from the terror group Fadaiyan-e Islam successfully. 220 00:12:57,300 --> 00:13:00,490 The Shah definitely wants dialog with the Mullahs. 221 00:13:00,490 --> 00:13:04,150 He keeps going on pilgrimages to Mecca in Saudi Arabia, 222 00:13:04,150 --> 00:13:06,223 Islams central pilgrimage site. 223 00:13:07,610 --> 00:13:10,400 As a Muslim, he shows respect for Islam 224 00:13:10,400 --> 00:13:13,163 and accepts the religious authority of the Imams. 225 00:13:15,830 --> 00:13:17,920 But such publicity performances 226 00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:20,093 always serve multiple interests. 227 00:13:24,430 --> 00:13:27,610 His religious feelings I think came from his mother. 228 00:13:27,610 --> 00:13:30,063 We know his mother was very religious. 229 00:13:31,210 --> 00:13:32,960 His father clearly was not. 230 00:13:32,960 --> 00:13:36,080 His politics towards religion 231 00:13:36,080 --> 00:13:38,330 has nothing to do with his religiosity. 232 00:13:38,330 --> 00:13:41,720 His politics to religion has to do with his fear 233 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:43,400 that the greatest threat to Iran 234 00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:45,620 will come from the communist. 235 00:13:45,620 --> 00:13:48,500 And that the way to fight the communist 236 00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:50,280 is by strengthening religion 237 00:13:51,290 --> 00:13:53,543 and that's exactly what he does. 238 00:14:00,970 --> 00:14:03,290 Any ally in the fight against the influence 239 00:14:03,290 --> 00:14:07,940 of the communist Soviet Union is fine with the Shah. 240 00:14:07,940 --> 00:14:10,160 Therefore, he tries to win over the clergy 241 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:13,223 which were traditionally anticommunist and monarchist. 242 00:14:14,330 --> 00:14:16,713 It's a calculation which won't add up. 243 00:14:18,470 --> 00:14:20,280 He certainly thought that 244 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:23,263 that ideological backing was religion. 245 00:14:24,900 --> 00:14:27,593 And that's again, another mistake that he made. 246 00:14:29,660 --> 00:14:34,520 Religion particularly as incarnated by the Shia clergy 247 00:14:34,520 --> 00:14:36,030 could never have become 248 00:14:37,880 --> 00:14:40,310 the ideological framework 249 00:14:40,310 --> 00:14:43,683 on which to build modernization and westernization. 250 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:48,350 In December, 1959, 251 00:14:48,350 --> 00:14:51,040 there are pompous festivities in Tehran. 252 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:53,230 Tabloid reporters from all over the world 253 00:14:53,230 --> 00:14:54,620 fight for the best picture 254 00:14:54,620 --> 00:14:57,323 of Mohammad Reza Shah and Fara Diba. 255 00:14:58,230 --> 00:15:01,190 After two divorces, the new queen needs to produce 256 00:15:01,190 --> 00:15:03,230 the desired successor to the throne 257 00:15:03,230 --> 00:15:05,863 so that the Pahlavi Dynasty can live on. 258 00:15:06,750 --> 00:15:09,580 Fara Diba becomes an influential woman 259 00:15:09,580 --> 00:15:11,800 at the side of her husband. 260 00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:13,010 She also accompanies him 261 00:15:13,010 --> 00:15:16,200 on his trip to America in April, 1962, 262 00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:18,300 where the couple are received fanatically. 263 00:15:24,520 --> 00:15:27,630 The Shah seeks to deepen Iranian-American relations 264 00:15:27,630 --> 00:15:29,343 with President John F. Kennedy. 265 00:15:30,650 --> 00:15:33,080 Both agree that only a strong military 266 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:36,003 can fend off the latent threat of the Soviet Union. 267 00:15:37,438 --> 00:15:39,513 Arming Iran is a done deal. 268 00:15:40,690 --> 00:15:43,630 For the Americans, it's a valuable business. 269 00:15:43,630 --> 00:15:45,053 Weapons for oil. 270 00:15:46,350 --> 00:15:51,350 (intense dramatic music) (plane engines roaring) 271 00:15:55,907 --> 00:15:59,574 (speaking foreign language) 272 00:16:21,296 --> 00:16:22,770 In the 1960s, 273 00:16:22,770 --> 00:16:24,923 Iran was still a developing country. 274 00:16:25,760 --> 00:16:28,623 Most of the people were farmers without their own land. 275 00:16:29,750 --> 00:16:32,890 The land belonged to feudal masters and land barons 276 00:16:32,890 --> 00:16:35,883 including a number of mullahs and religious trusts. 277 00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:40,360 On the 11th of January, 1963, 278 00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:44,390 the Shah introduces an extensive program of reforms. 279 00:16:44,390 --> 00:16:47,250 He calls it the White Revolution. 280 00:16:47,250 --> 00:16:49,410 Its aim is to markedly improve 281 00:16:49,410 --> 00:16:51,313 the conditions of life for the people. 282 00:16:53,629 --> 00:16:57,296 (speaking foreign language) 283 00:17:08,015 --> 00:17:09,570 A national referendum 284 00:17:09,570 --> 00:17:11,680 strengthens the ambitious program. 285 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:14,380 Which includes the abolition of the feudal system, 286 00:17:14,380 --> 00:17:16,850 privatization of state-owned companies, 287 00:17:16,850 --> 00:17:18,610 the fight against illiteracy, 288 00:17:18,610 --> 00:17:21,670 and the introduction of women's voting rights. 289 00:17:21,670 --> 00:17:24,850 Women are not allowed to take part in the referendum yet. 290 00:17:24,850 --> 00:17:27,310 However, they flock to the polling stations 291 00:17:27,310 --> 00:17:29,440 to demonstrate their approval. 292 00:17:29,440 --> 00:17:31,280 He wanted Iran to modernize, 293 00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:35,390 the White Revolution was intended to make Iran better. 294 00:17:35,390 --> 00:17:36,410 And it did. 295 00:17:36,410 --> 00:17:38,500 In many, many ways it did. 296 00:17:38,500 --> 00:17:41,060 It ended feudalism in Iran. 297 00:17:41,060 --> 00:17:43,142 That's not an easy thing to do. 298 00:17:43,142 --> 00:17:45,150 (intense dramatic music) 299 00:17:45,150 --> 00:17:47,290 The starting point of the White Revolution 300 00:17:47,290 --> 00:17:48,670 was a land reform 301 00:17:48,670 --> 00:17:51,510 against the determined resistance of the clergy. 302 00:17:51,510 --> 00:17:55,450 The Shah hands over more than 500,000 hectors of land. 303 00:17:55,450 --> 00:17:57,810 An area twice the size of Luxembourg, 304 00:17:57,810 --> 00:18:00,423 to some 30,000 destitute families. 305 00:18:01,766 --> 00:18:05,433 (speaking foreign language) 306 00:18:24,404 --> 00:18:26,290 (intense dramatic music) 307 00:18:26,290 --> 00:18:27,730 In order for children to learn 308 00:18:27,730 --> 00:18:29,500 reading, writing, and maths, 309 00:18:29,500 --> 00:18:31,793 soldiers teach them in village schools. 310 00:18:35,970 --> 00:18:39,810 Adult farmers and nomads have to go back to school. 311 00:18:39,810 --> 00:18:42,700 The Shah involves all strata of the population 312 00:18:42,700 --> 00:18:44,637 in his campaign. 313 00:18:44,637 --> 00:18:48,054 (intense dramatic music) 314 00:18:50,274 --> 00:18:53,941 (speaking foreign language) 315 00:19:20,020 --> 00:19:21,670 Khomeini takes on the role 316 00:19:21,670 --> 00:19:23,710 of a mouthpiece for a group of Mullahs 317 00:19:23,710 --> 00:19:26,273 who reject this policy as pro-western. 318 00:19:27,224 --> 00:19:30,442 (intense dramatic music) 319 00:19:30,442 --> 00:19:34,109 (speaking foreign language) 320 00:19:49,826 --> 00:19:53,493 (speaking foreign language) 321 00:20:14,120 --> 00:20:17,360 Khomeini takes advantage of his gain in power. 322 00:20:17,360 --> 00:20:20,110 He abandons his hitherto withdrawn position 323 00:20:20,110 --> 00:20:22,950 and openly opposes the Shah's politics. 324 00:20:22,950 --> 00:20:25,670 For the first time he publicly warns him 325 00:20:25,670 --> 00:20:28,003 not to carry on with his father's ways. 326 00:20:32,740 --> 00:20:34,470 Khomeini signed a couple of letters 327 00:20:34,470 --> 00:20:36,520 directly addressed to the Shah. 328 00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:38,710 And the Shah gave a couple of lectures, 329 00:20:38,710 --> 00:20:42,420 speeches directly responding to him. 330 00:20:42,420 --> 00:20:45,340 I've coded those at length in the Shah Book, 331 00:20:45,340 --> 00:20:46,880 and they're remarkable. 332 00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:49,683 Khomeini for his defiance. 333 00:20:49,683 --> 00:20:50,827 Telling the Shah, 334 00:20:50,827 --> 00:20:54,140 "Boy, don't do something 335 00:20:54,140 --> 00:20:58,440 so that I throw you out of the country, like your father." 336 00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:00,703 And the Shah saying, "These little..." 337 00:21:03,690 --> 00:21:06,000 The word is like ants, 338 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:10,370 like who survive in feces. 339 00:21:10,370 --> 00:21:12,993 We're not going to let them rule this country. 340 00:21:14,407 --> 00:21:16,410 Strengthening the role of women 341 00:21:16,410 --> 00:21:17,840 in Iranian society 342 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:20,313 is an integral part of the White Revolution. 343 00:21:21,570 --> 00:21:23,780 Iranian women grasp this opportunity 344 00:21:23,780 --> 00:21:26,790 to make public use of the newly acquired rights 345 00:21:26,790 --> 00:21:28,963 and the associated self-confidence. 346 00:21:30,910 --> 00:21:32,910 Women can not only vote now, 347 00:21:32,910 --> 00:21:35,293 they can also become political candidates. 348 00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:37,840 For Iranian women, 349 00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:40,853 this is a milestone on their path to emancipation. 350 00:21:46,115 --> 00:21:49,782 (speaking foreign language) 351 00:21:58,732 --> 00:22:01,732 But there was a lot of resistance. 352 00:22:04,570 --> 00:22:08,460 The first revolution in 63 happened, 353 00:22:08,460 --> 00:22:09,750 led by Khomeini, 354 00:22:09,750 --> 00:22:13,620 happened specifically on this particular item, 355 00:22:13,620 --> 00:22:16,503 of the voting decree. 356 00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:20,290 For Khomeini and his followers, 357 00:22:20,290 --> 00:22:23,060 the new role of women in politics and society 358 00:22:23,060 --> 00:22:25,930 is a threat to the foundation of their faith. 359 00:22:25,930 --> 00:22:27,563 They mount a counter attack. 360 00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:32,040 Khomeini denounces corruption, state violence 361 00:22:32,040 --> 00:22:36,090 and the torture used by the state secret service, SAVAK. 362 00:22:36,090 --> 00:22:38,490 He threatens the tyrant of our time, 363 00:22:38,490 --> 00:22:42,463 in a speech with a black reaction to the White Revolution. 364 00:22:44,026 --> 00:22:47,693 (speaking foreign language) 365 00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:20,130 There are demonstrations 366 00:23:20,130 --> 00:23:22,290 and counter-demonstrations. 367 00:23:22,290 --> 00:23:25,950 The Shah deploys the military to the Holy City of Qom. 368 00:23:25,950 --> 00:23:27,560 Blood is shed. 369 00:23:27,560 --> 00:23:30,760 Khomeini is arrested and sentenced to death. 370 00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:33,120 Thanks to the pleading of numerous clerics 371 00:23:33,120 --> 00:23:34,770 the sentence is changed 372 00:23:34,770 --> 00:23:37,723 and Khomeini is exiled to Najaf in Iraq. 373 00:23:41,520 --> 00:23:42,570 In the meantime, 374 00:23:42,570 --> 00:23:44,780 the implementation of the White Revolution 375 00:23:44,780 --> 00:23:48,750 is more difficult for the rural population than expected. 376 00:23:48,750 --> 00:23:51,630 The farmers now have their own fields to till, 377 00:23:51,630 --> 00:23:53,910 but they often lack seeds, water 378 00:23:53,910 --> 00:23:56,183 and modern agricultural machines. 379 00:24:04,628 --> 00:24:08,295 (speaking foreign language) 380 00:24:28,130 --> 00:24:30,173 If you're going to end feudalism, 381 00:24:31,210 --> 00:24:34,723 and you're going to bring millions of people into the city, 382 00:24:35,580 --> 00:24:37,947 you have to be prepared for it. 383 00:24:37,947 --> 00:24:39,340 You have to think 384 00:24:39,340 --> 00:24:41,660 who is going to teach these people 385 00:24:41,660 --> 00:24:45,500 the political rules of the new game? 386 00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:47,250 And then he made it impossible 387 00:24:47,250 --> 00:24:49,240 for anyone other than the clergy 388 00:24:50,360 --> 00:24:52,623 to have a political organization in Iran. 389 00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:57,050 At first, Khomeini completely secludes himself 390 00:24:57,050 --> 00:24:58,630 in his exile in Najaf, 391 00:24:58,630 --> 00:25:01,830 a stronghold of Shiite Islam in Iraq. 392 00:25:01,830 --> 00:25:04,600 At 60, he believes he's finished. 393 00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:06,240 He's isolated. 394 00:25:06,240 --> 00:25:07,740 Many Iraqi scribes 395 00:25:07,740 --> 00:25:09,020 don't want to have anything 396 00:25:09,020 --> 00:25:10,820 to do with his political activities. 397 00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:16,730 He immerses himself 398 00:25:16,730 --> 00:25:19,510 in his studies of the Holy scriptures again. 399 00:25:19,510 --> 00:25:22,400 He only communicates with very few of his pupils 400 00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:24,863 to stay abreast of the situation in Iran. 401 00:25:27,100 --> 00:25:29,800 One of his few pillars is his family 402 00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:31,653 who had followed him into exile. 403 00:25:32,955 --> 00:25:35,705 (intense music) 404 00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:40,440 He was this distant figure, 405 00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:41,990 very little interest in anything 406 00:25:41,990 --> 00:25:45,410 other than his mosque and his books. 407 00:25:45,410 --> 00:25:47,540 He never went once, 408 00:25:47,540 --> 00:25:49,150 two blocks from his house, 409 00:25:49,150 --> 00:25:51,453 the other side to see a river. 410 00:25:52,460 --> 00:25:55,623 He went to his mosque and came home for 14 years. 411 00:25:58,630 --> 00:26:02,170 Meanwhile in Iran, in October, 1967 412 00:26:02,170 --> 00:26:05,460 the Shah continues the grandeur of the old days. 413 00:26:05,460 --> 00:26:07,060 The Shah had always stressed 414 00:26:07,060 --> 00:26:09,430 that he wanted to achieve something for his country 415 00:26:09,430 --> 00:26:12,353 before ascending the peacock throne with all honors. 416 00:26:13,300 --> 00:26:16,423 Now he has himself crowned Emperor in Tehran. 417 00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:19,193 The clergy supports him. 418 00:26:20,510 --> 00:26:22,540 The Shah has always factored the clergy 419 00:26:22,540 --> 00:26:24,223 into his public appearances. 420 00:26:25,140 --> 00:26:26,810 He knows how important it is, 421 00:26:26,810 --> 00:26:28,810 especially for the ordinary people 422 00:26:28,810 --> 00:26:32,860 to reference the religious foundation of the ruling dynasty. 423 00:26:32,860 --> 00:26:34,920 Now it seems he has arrived. 424 00:26:34,920 --> 00:26:38,283 He is the Shahan Shah, the King of Kings. 425 00:26:43,130 --> 00:26:46,500 And he also crowns his wife Empress, 426 00:26:46,500 --> 00:26:48,690 something that has never happened before 427 00:26:48,690 --> 00:26:51,075 in Persia's long history. 428 00:26:51,075 --> 00:26:54,742 (speaking foreign language) 429 00:27:19,740 --> 00:27:21,950 In May and June, 1967, 430 00:27:21,950 --> 00:27:25,600 the glamorous couple is on a State Visit in West Germany. 431 00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:26,440 They are welcomed by 432 00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:30,170 Federal President Luca and Federal Chancellor Kissinger. 433 00:27:30,170 --> 00:27:32,833 The visit mainly serves economic interests. 434 00:27:33,770 --> 00:27:35,770 The Shah visits the big steel companies 435 00:27:35,770 --> 00:27:37,233 along the Rhine and Rhone rivers, 436 00:27:37,233 --> 00:27:38,760 because he needs support 437 00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:40,870 for the industrialization of his country. 438 00:27:40,870 --> 00:27:43,780 For instance, with the construction of new reservoir dams 439 00:27:43,780 --> 00:27:45,563 for the irrigation of farmland. 440 00:27:46,890 --> 00:27:49,693 It's a lucrative opportunity for the German economy. 441 00:27:51,816 --> 00:27:55,483 (speaking foreign language) 442 00:28:09,532 --> 00:28:12,680 When the ruling couple visits the German Opera in Berlin, 443 00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:16,190 the ugly face of the Shah regime is revealed.. 444 00:28:16,190 --> 00:28:18,400 Members of the secret service, SAVAK, 445 00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:20,680 attack demonstrators who are protesting 446 00:28:20,680 --> 00:28:23,650 against suppression and torture in Iran. 447 00:28:23,650 --> 00:28:25,770 The situation escalates. 448 00:28:25,770 --> 00:28:29,290 The visit of the Shah and the protests against his politics 449 00:28:29,290 --> 00:28:32,313 mark a turning point in the history of West Germany. 450 00:28:37,110 --> 00:28:38,190 In Tehran, 451 00:28:38,190 --> 00:28:41,120 the Shah's monument which Farah Diba had commissioned, 452 00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:43,610 is meant as an architectural expression 453 00:28:43,610 --> 00:28:46,223 of the new modern identity of the empire. 454 00:28:48,660 --> 00:28:52,040 In the Old Imperial City of Persepolis on the other hand, 455 00:28:52,040 --> 00:28:53,220 the Shah commemorates 456 00:28:53,220 --> 00:28:56,660 the Persian Empire's 2,500 years of history 457 00:28:56,660 --> 00:28:59,550 with an ostentatious celebration. 458 00:28:59,550 --> 00:29:02,600 In 1971, the biggest party in the world 459 00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:04,870 is held in the middle of the desert. 460 00:29:04,870 --> 00:29:08,630 Monarchs, Heads of State and Dictators attend. 461 00:29:08,630 --> 00:29:11,643 The population is not invited. 462 00:29:12,777 --> 00:29:15,694 (trumpets blaring) 463 00:29:16,927 --> 00:29:20,820 It was one of those things that the intention was well, 464 00:29:20,820 --> 00:29:25,820 but the execution went so much in exaggerated way 465 00:29:27,320 --> 00:29:30,713 mixed with cronyism and corruption 466 00:29:30,713 --> 00:29:32,893 that I think it backfired on him. 467 00:29:35,420 --> 00:29:36,340 In order to lead 468 00:29:36,340 --> 00:29:38,360 the White Revolution to success, 469 00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:41,230 the Shah upgrades the technology of the country, 470 00:29:41,230 --> 00:29:44,210 with the help of capital assistance from abroad. 471 00:29:44,210 --> 00:29:47,080 He invests billions in electrification 472 00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:49,220 and numerous other industries. 473 00:29:49,220 --> 00:29:52,080 He wants Iran to get in with modernity 474 00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:53,750 and become great again, 475 00:29:53,750 --> 00:29:56,533 just like the Persian empire was historically. 476 00:29:58,620 --> 00:30:00,600 I think that our country, 477 00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:03,283 in the next 10 years will be what you are today. 478 00:30:05,015 --> 00:30:06,370 In the next 25 years, 479 00:30:06,370 --> 00:30:08,550 according to other people I'm not saying that, 480 00:30:08,550 --> 00:30:13,063 will be among five most prosperous countries of the world. 481 00:30:14,710 --> 00:30:15,610 To this end, 482 00:30:15,610 --> 00:30:18,760 the Shah also invests in nuclear energy. 483 00:30:18,760 --> 00:30:21,100 US, American, and French companies 484 00:30:21,100 --> 00:30:23,023 want to do this lucrative deal. 485 00:30:24,680 --> 00:30:25,770 In the end however, 486 00:30:25,770 --> 00:30:29,053 it's West German businesses who sign the deal with Iran. 487 00:30:36,990 --> 00:30:40,657 (speaking foreign language) 488 00:31:09,140 --> 00:31:13,150 The motivation came from the necessity of his time. 489 00:31:13,150 --> 00:31:15,880 Whether we like it or not, 490 00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:20,690 modernization is to a large extent westernization. 491 00:31:20,690 --> 00:31:25,303 You can't modernize without westernizing. 492 00:31:30,179 --> 00:31:32,160 The capital Tehran in particular, 493 00:31:32,160 --> 00:31:35,320 opens itself up to the cultural lifestyle of the West 494 00:31:35,320 --> 00:31:37,470 and becomes a modern metropolis. 495 00:31:37,470 --> 00:31:41,370 Veiled women are now hardly to be seen anywhere in the town. 496 00:31:41,370 --> 00:31:44,150 Young people are allowed to travel without restrictions 497 00:31:44,150 --> 00:31:45,770 and educate themselves. 498 00:31:45,770 --> 00:31:49,100 They enjoy all the advantages of a cosmopolitan city 499 00:31:49,100 --> 00:31:51,113 and show no inhibitions. 500 00:31:54,130 --> 00:31:55,300 On the other hand, 501 00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:58,630 the political power structures don't change at all. 502 00:31:58,630 --> 00:32:00,800 They remain traditionally monarchist 503 00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:02,173 and tailored to the Shah. 504 00:32:04,665 --> 00:32:08,332 (speaking foreign language) 505 00:32:23,197 --> 00:32:26,864 (speaking foreign language) 506 00:32:53,510 --> 00:32:56,120 In contrast, in Najaf in Iraq, 507 00:32:56,120 --> 00:32:58,113 time seems to have stood still. 508 00:32:59,030 --> 00:33:02,530 Khomeini holds lectures for a small circle of students. 509 00:33:02,530 --> 00:33:05,800 He thinks about what an Islamic legal system could be like, 510 00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:08,283 with the clergy taking on a leading role. 511 00:33:10,060 --> 00:33:11,610 He condemns the shallowness 512 00:33:11,610 --> 00:33:14,160 and pure sensual pleasures of the West, 513 00:33:14,160 --> 00:33:16,993 attacks the colonial powers and Israel. 514 00:33:17,840 --> 00:33:21,890 And demands the end of separation of politics and religion. 515 00:33:21,890 --> 00:33:23,550 The transcripts of the lectures 516 00:33:23,550 --> 00:33:26,063 are published in a book about the Islamic State. 517 00:33:28,462 --> 00:33:31,380 I think I was one of the maybe first people to read it. 518 00:33:31,380 --> 00:33:32,753 I was shocked by it. 519 00:33:33,810 --> 00:33:38,425 But I, like a lot of other simple people like me 520 00:33:38,425 --> 00:33:39,950 thought this would never work. 521 00:33:39,950 --> 00:33:41,970 This is a medieval idea. 522 00:33:41,970 --> 00:33:46,373 Iran that has had a constitutional revolution in 1905-07, 523 00:33:49,430 --> 00:33:51,840 is not gonna let the clergy come 524 00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:55,280 and cut off people's hands in public squares. 525 00:33:55,280 --> 00:33:57,540 And it's not going to let the clergy rule, 526 00:33:57,540 --> 00:33:58,953 because they know Sharia. 527 00:34:00,480 --> 00:34:01,830 I was wrong, 528 00:34:01,830 --> 00:34:06,653 as were a lot of other countries and forces. 529 00:34:09,610 --> 00:34:10,490 In Iran, 530 00:34:10,490 --> 00:34:13,380 this book about the Islamic State is not published, 531 00:34:13,380 --> 00:34:15,030 but banned. 532 00:34:15,030 --> 00:34:16,990 They want to prevent the radical ideas 533 00:34:16,990 --> 00:34:20,033 and theological demands of the Shiite cleric from spreading. 534 00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:25,440 But the censorship only increases the fascination 535 00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:28,440 Khomeini's book holds for the opponents of the ruling class. 536 00:34:31,296 --> 00:34:34,963 (speaking foreign language) 537 00:34:58,470 --> 00:35:01,200 Those who politically opposed the Shah's regime 538 00:35:01,200 --> 00:35:02,390 face imprisonment 539 00:35:02,390 --> 00:35:05,233 in the Iranian Secret Service SAVAK's prison. 540 00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:09,573 Where torture and executions are a daily affair. 541 00:35:10,910 --> 00:35:13,700 This was one thing the students had demonstrated against 542 00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:15,433 when the Shah visited Germany. 543 00:35:16,360 --> 00:35:19,470 There is no getting out of the dreaded detention center, 544 00:35:19,470 --> 00:35:22,363 which was built by German architects in the 1930s. 545 00:35:28,240 --> 00:35:30,680 Iranian politicians who are active today, 546 00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:33,960 like the current Supreme religious leader Ali Khamenei 547 00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:36,510 were imprisoned there during the reign of the Shah. 548 00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:38,930 Did they do bad things? 549 00:35:38,930 --> 00:35:39,763 Absolutely. 550 00:35:39,763 --> 00:35:40,840 Did they torture people? 551 00:35:40,840 --> 00:35:41,673 Absolutely. 552 00:35:41,673 --> 00:35:44,440 You can't forget that they actually did torture people. 553 00:35:44,440 --> 00:35:46,250 They tortured a lot of people. 554 00:35:46,250 --> 00:35:48,343 They executed a lot of people, 555 00:35:49,790 --> 00:35:53,130 but the opposition was also very successful 556 00:35:53,130 --> 00:35:57,080 in exaggerating the number of people who were in prison. 557 00:35:57,080 --> 00:35:59,832 We used to say in the Confederation that there are 558 00:35:59,832 --> 00:36:03,690 hundreds of thousands of prisoners in Iran. 559 00:36:03,690 --> 00:36:05,453 The actual number was about 4,000. 560 00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:10,600 Dissent or worse resistance, 561 00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:13,210 had no place in the Shah's regime. 562 00:36:13,210 --> 00:36:15,370 There is no open political dialogue 563 00:36:15,370 --> 00:36:17,870 on the country's social and political development. 564 00:36:18,780 --> 00:36:21,943 The parties from left to right are mostly silenced. 565 00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:26,363 The opposition has fled abroad or is imprisoned. 566 00:36:27,450 --> 00:36:29,400 The Shah's autocratic regime, 567 00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:32,360 results in him losing contact with the people in his country 568 00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:34,124 more and more. 569 00:36:34,124 --> 00:36:39,124 (intense dramatic music) (helicopter engine whirring) 570 00:36:48,243 --> 00:36:51,910 (speaking foreign language) 571 00:37:11,970 --> 00:37:12,803 For instance, 572 00:37:12,803 --> 00:37:14,140 the dealers on the markets 573 00:37:14,140 --> 00:37:17,000 play an important social role in Iran. 574 00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:20,130 Millions of people come and shop with them every day. 575 00:37:20,130 --> 00:37:21,320 The Shah however, 576 00:37:21,320 --> 00:37:24,210 doesn't really take the Baazaris, the market dealers, 577 00:37:24,210 --> 00:37:27,900 into consideration in his politics of westernization. 578 00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:30,840 Department stores, chain stores and supermarkets 579 00:37:30,840 --> 00:37:32,770 like the ones you can find in the West, 580 00:37:32,770 --> 00:37:34,710 threaten their livelihood. 581 00:37:34,710 --> 00:37:37,950 The Shah doesn't realize the consequences of his policies 582 00:37:37,950 --> 00:37:40,883 and how many enemies he creates for himself with them. 583 00:37:42,618 --> 00:37:46,285 (speaking foreign language) 584 00:38:04,113 --> 00:38:05,330 Tehran in particular 585 00:38:05,330 --> 00:38:07,350 with its modern high rise buildings, 586 00:38:07,350 --> 00:38:11,030 becomes the symbol of this belief in progress. 587 00:38:11,030 --> 00:38:14,510 But many people can't keep up with the Shah's pace. 588 00:38:14,510 --> 00:38:18,070 So they turn to that institution which is familiar to them 589 00:38:18,070 --> 00:38:21,073 and which gives them security in their insecurity. 590 00:38:22,770 --> 00:38:25,680 It completely went after the left, 591 00:38:25,680 --> 00:38:27,700 whether it was the left that was dependent 592 00:38:27,700 --> 00:38:29,080 on the Soviet union 593 00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:31,570 or whether it was a social democratic left. 594 00:38:31,570 --> 00:38:33,310 The only people who were allowed 595 00:38:33,310 --> 00:38:38,310 to build mosques, build schools, teach their own cadres, 596 00:38:38,311 --> 00:38:41,010 were religious folks. 597 00:38:41,010 --> 00:38:46,010 And you bring millions into the cities in shantytowns, 598 00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:49,780 concentrate them, made them easy to mobilize, 599 00:38:49,780 --> 00:38:54,560 and allow the clergy to be the only one who's active there. 600 00:38:54,560 --> 00:38:56,010 And then people are surprised 601 00:38:56,010 --> 00:38:58,113 that the revolution was won by the clergy. 602 00:39:00,100 --> 00:39:01,490 The Shah has many mosques 603 00:39:01,490 --> 00:39:03,910 renovated in the 1970s. 604 00:39:03,910 --> 00:39:07,840 The number of Quran schools also rises immensely. 605 00:39:07,840 --> 00:39:10,260 This way he wants to assure the clergy 606 00:39:10,260 --> 00:39:11,710 how important Islam, 607 00:39:11,710 --> 00:39:15,400 as an essential foundation of Iranian society is to him, 608 00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:17,943 despite focusing his politics on the West. 609 00:39:20,860 --> 00:39:22,380 With his public appearances 610 00:39:22,380 --> 00:39:25,290 and his annual pilgrimages to the city of Mashhad, 611 00:39:25,290 --> 00:39:28,030 which is one of the seven Holy Cities of Islam, 612 00:39:28,030 --> 00:39:31,123 he hopes to keep the clergy securely on his side. 613 00:39:39,220 --> 00:39:43,500 He saw religion as his last line of defense. 614 00:39:43,500 --> 00:39:47,377 He saw religion as his most powerful, 615 00:39:47,377 --> 00:39:49,810 stronghold within the country. 616 00:39:49,810 --> 00:39:53,380 And that's where he made a massive miscalculation. 617 00:39:53,380 --> 00:39:55,960 Massive strategic and ideological 618 00:39:55,960 --> 00:39:57,880 and political miscalculation because 619 00:39:57,880 --> 00:39:59,910 what he thought of 620 00:39:59,910 --> 00:40:03,350 as his most powerful stronghold and backing, 621 00:40:03,350 --> 00:40:08,350 turned out to be his most fatal and dangerous enemy. 622 00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:13,670 The first protest marches against the Shah, 623 00:40:13,670 --> 00:40:16,263 take place in Qom in 1978. 624 00:40:17,250 --> 00:40:20,470 The reason is a defamatory article against Khomeini, 625 00:40:20,470 --> 00:40:23,990 which is published in a big Iranian daily newspaper. 626 00:40:23,990 --> 00:40:26,320 The article accuses him and the clergy 627 00:40:26,320 --> 00:40:28,270 of counter revolution. 628 00:40:28,270 --> 00:40:31,383 His followers organize a demonstration of support. 629 00:40:32,250 --> 00:40:35,240 It was very the fast-moving revolution. 630 00:40:35,240 --> 00:40:38,900 Maybe it is the fastest revolution in human history, 631 00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:41,400 because everything happened within four months. 632 00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:43,440 With every passing day, 633 00:40:43,440 --> 00:40:45,520 the resolve of the Shah's regime 634 00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:48,490 to stay in power was weakening 635 00:40:48,490 --> 00:40:50,550 and the resolve of the opposition 636 00:40:50,550 --> 00:40:52,823 to demand his removal was increasing. 637 00:40:55,770 --> 00:40:59,600 There were fatalities during this demonstration in Qom. 638 00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:01,480 According to Islamic custom, 639 00:41:01,480 --> 00:41:04,730 the dead are commemorated every 40 days. 640 00:41:04,730 --> 00:41:08,490 Soon, hundreds of thousands take to the streets. 641 00:41:08,490 --> 00:41:10,393 Each time there are more of them. 642 00:41:11,600 --> 00:41:14,913 The Shah wasn't anticipating this kind of resistance. 643 00:41:16,130 --> 00:41:19,970 It catches him and his regime completely off guard. 644 00:41:19,970 --> 00:41:23,123 The growing power of the streets paralyzes him. 645 00:41:24,010 --> 00:41:26,420 On August the 19th, 1978, 646 00:41:26,420 --> 00:41:29,658 an arson attack on Cinema Rex in the oil city of Abadan 647 00:41:29,658 --> 00:41:32,180 kills 422 people. 648 00:41:32,180 --> 00:41:33,300 The opposition blames 649 00:41:33,300 --> 00:41:36,090 the Iranian Secret Service and the Shah. 650 00:41:36,090 --> 00:41:36,923 Later on, 651 00:41:36,923 --> 00:41:38,380 there's a growing body of evidence 652 00:41:38,380 --> 00:41:40,320 for the clergy being behind the attack, 653 00:41:40,320 --> 00:41:44,450 with Khomeini as the mastermind in the background. 654 00:41:44,450 --> 00:41:46,960 After Cinema Rex, it was a different story. 655 00:41:46,960 --> 00:41:51,150 Both in magnitude and the anger and in the slogans. 656 00:41:51,150 --> 00:41:52,727 For the first time I heard 657 00:41:52,727 --> 00:41:54,437 thousands of people say, 658 00:41:54,437 --> 00:41:55,507 "Death to the Shah." 659 00:41:56,510 --> 00:41:59,453 That would have been unimaginable in 77. 660 00:42:02,100 --> 00:42:03,350 The protest of the masses 661 00:42:03,350 --> 00:42:05,220 turns into open violence. 662 00:42:05,220 --> 00:42:06,880 Tehran is ablaze. 663 00:42:06,880 --> 00:42:09,120 The military intervenes. 664 00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:11,490 On the 8th of September in 1978, 665 00:42:11,490 --> 00:42:14,970 a day which will go down in Iranian history as Black Friday, 666 00:42:14,970 --> 00:42:18,093 64 people are killed on the Central Jaleh Square. 667 00:42:19,820 --> 00:42:22,990 The opposition claims there were 15,000 deaths. 668 00:42:22,990 --> 00:42:26,113 A general strike ensues paralyzing the country. 669 00:42:34,782 --> 00:42:38,449 (speaking foreign language) 670 00:43:06,340 --> 00:43:07,670 At the behest of the Shah, 671 00:43:07,670 --> 00:43:11,790 the government declares Khomeini a persona non grata. 672 00:43:11,790 --> 00:43:14,590 He's forced to leave his exile in Najaf. 673 00:43:14,590 --> 00:43:17,710 His confidants advise him to leave for Europe 674 00:43:17,710 --> 00:43:19,243 which he declines at first. 675 00:43:20,720 --> 00:43:23,940 What is he to do in a Non-Islamic country? 676 00:43:23,940 --> 00:43:25,450 He is wrong. 677 00:43:25,450 --> 00:43:27,290 When he goes to Neauphle-le-Château, 678 00:43:27,290 --> 00:43:28,920 a little suburb of Paris, 679 00:43:28,920 --> 00:43:30,140 thousands of his followers 680 00:43:30,140 --> 00:43:32,233 from all over the world flock there. 681 00:43:34,040 --> 00:43:36,460 Western politicians and intellectuals like 682 00:43:36,460 --> 00:43:38,760 John Paul Sadler, Michel Foucault, 683 00:43:38,760 --> 00:43:42,370 and (indistinct) also support Khomeini. 684 00:43:42,370 --> 00:43:44,640 In France, he suddenly finds himself 685 00:43:44,640 --> 00:43:46,733 the center of the global public. 686 00:43:50,240 --> 00:43:54,310 He was suddenly catapulted into an international celebrity 687 00:43:54,310 --> 00:43:56,340 and was much more clever 688 00:43:57,580 --> 00:44:02,580 than the Shah, the British, the Iranian opposition 689 00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:05,660 gave him credit for. 690 00:44:05,660 --> 00:44:07,780 Because initially the idea was that, 691 00:44:07,780 --> 00:44:10,330 they would send him to Neauphle-le-Château 692 00:44:10,330 --> 00:44:12,010 and he would become an embarrassment. 693 00:44:12,010 --> 00:44:15,713 He would say reactionary things and would frighten people. 694 00:44:16,840 --> 00:44:18,850 Well he didn't say the reactionary things. 695 00:44:18,850 --> 00:44:20,280 He was very careful. 696 00:44:20,280 --> 00:44:24,470 He never once in a hundred and I think 10 interviews 697 00:44:24,470 --> 00:44:27,348 never once mentioned the word (speaking foreign language). 698 00:44:27,348 --> 00:44:31,015 (speaking foreign language) 699 00:44:40,572 --> 00:44:43,570 Khomeini mentions none of the radical ideas 700 00:44:43,570 --> 00:44:46,163 he expressed in his book on the Islamic State. 701 00:44:47,780 --> 00:44:49,790 Since his writings are banned in Iran 702 00:44:49,790 --> 00:44:51,410 and unknown in the West, 703 00:44:51,410 --> 00:44:53,333 no one can confront him with them. 704 00:44:54,240 --> 00:44:55,790 His speeches against the Shah 705 00:44:55,790 --> 00:44:58,223 are recorded and distributed in Iran. 706 00:45:01,019 --> 00:45:04,686 (speaking foreign language) 707 00:45:14,457 --> 00:45:17,690 The generals in Iran are waiting for the Shah 708 00:45:17,690 --> 00:45:20,693 to give them the order to crack down on the insurgence. 709 00:45:21,880 --> 00:45:23,910 But he is weakened by cancer 710 00:45:23,910 --> 00:45:26,730 and doesn't signal anything of that sort. 711 00:45:26,730 --> 00:45:29,393 The military is perplexed and backs off. 712 00:45:34,680 --> 00:45:37,100 When the soldiers stopped shooting at the people, 713 00:45:37,100 --> 00:45:39,140 the people put flowers in their guns 714 00:45:39,140 --> 00:45:40,840 and gave them pictures of Khomeini 715 00:45:42,350 --> 00:45:44,390 they celebrate their new leader. 716 00:45:44,390 --> 00:45:47,430 In a televised appeal to the Iranian people 717 00:45:47,430 --> 00:45:50,493 the Shah wants to change tack one more time. 718 00:45:52,342 --> 00:45:56,009 (speaking foreign language) 719 00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:09,960 He looked weak. 720 00:46:09,960 --> 00:46:12,163 He looked absolutely despondent. 721 00:46:13,170 --> 00:46:14,813 He couldn't read the text. 722 00:46:16,060 --> 00:46:19,137 And the point that he was saying is that, 723 00:46:19,137 --> 00:46:20,230 "I have heard." 724 00:46:20,230 --> 00:46:21,277 That's the famous phrase. 725 00:46:21,277 --> 00:46:24,690 "I have heard the call of your revolution 726 00:46:24,690 --> 00:46:27,767 and give me another chance." 727 00:46:29,250 --> 00:46:32,560 And people saw it rightly as a sign of his weakness. 728 00:46:32,560 --> 00:46:34,640 If ever there was a sign 729 00:46:34,640 --> 00:46:38,650 that he is not going to be able to master the situation, 730 00:46:38,650 --> 00:46:41,593 that was to me the speech. 731 00:46:42,940 --> 00:46:44,720 The crisis in Iran also 732 00:46:44,720 --> 00:46:47,540 causes ripples at international level. 733 00:46:47,540 --> 00:46:49,970 French President of State Giscard d'Estaing, 734 00:46:49,970 --> 00:46:52,440 invites the German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, 735 00:46:52,440 --> 00:46:55,830 US President Carter and British Prime Minister Callaghan, 736 00:46:55,830 --> 00:46:58,020 to Guadeloupe for a conference. 737 00:46:58,020 --> 00:47:01,307 Here they decide on the fate of Iran. 738 00:47:01,307 --> 00:47:05,057 (speaking foreign language) 739 00:47:24,770 --> 00:47:25,603 This means that 740 00:47:25,603 --> 00:47:28,473 the Western powers drop the Shah and his regime. 741 00:47:29,340 --> 00:47:31,900 On the 16th of January, 1979. 742 00:47:31,900 --> 00:47:34,840 The Shah and his family leave Iran. 743 00:47:34,840 --> 00:47:37,510 The Shah expects the crisis to be over soon 744 00:47:37,510 --> 00:47:39,380 so that he can return. 745 00:47:39,380 --> 00:47:41,693 It turns out to be a farewell for good. 746 00:47:42,749 --> 00:47:46,416 (speaking foreign language) 747 00:47:54,660 --> 00:47:58,690 The Shah was a good King for the time of peace. 748 00:47:58,690 --> 00:48:01,580 He wasn't a good King for the time of big trouble. 749 00:48:01,580 --> 00:48:05,263 He was really a double personality. 750 00:48:06,110 --> 00:48:10,900 When he felt strong, he was extremely self-assured. 751 00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:15,900 And the first signs of weakness made him very, very timid. 752 00:48:16,870 --> 00:48:18,700 There was no other figure. 753 00:48:18,700 --> 00:48:23,700 Mr. Khomeini became the point of union. 754 00:48:24,000 --> 00:48:27,630 14 days later on the 1st of February, 1979, 755 00:48:27,630 --> 00:48:30,280 Khomeini flies from Paris to Tehran. 756 00:48:30,280 --> 00:48:33,220 No one knows how this journey will end. 757 00:48:33,220 --> 00:48:34,520 Will the Shah's military, 758 00:48:34,520 --> 00:48:37,490 force the plane to turn back or even shoot it down 759 00:48:37,490 --> 00:48:40,039 to prevent Khomeini from returning? 760 00:48:40,039 --> 00:48:43,706 (speaking foreign language) 761 00:49:07,453 --> 00:49:09,350 After 14 years of exile, 762 00:49:09,350 --> 00:49:12,790 Khomeini now steps onto Iranian soil again. 763 00:49:12,790 --> 00:49:16,370 Millions of people frenetically celebrate his return. 764 00:49:16,370 --> 00:49:18,780 After 2,500 years, 765 00:49:18,780 --> 00:49:22,490 the Persian Monarchy has outlived its usefulness. 766 00:49:22,490 --> 00:49:25,220 Khomeini is received as the new savior. 767 00:49:25,220 --> 00:49:27,990 No one has any idea of the consequences 768 00:49:27,990 --> 00:49:30,170 which the Islamic revolution will have 769 00:49:30,170 --> 00:49:32,111 for the Iranian State. 770 00:49:32,111 --> 00:49:34,944 (crowd cheering) 771 00:49:47,636 --> 00:49:50,870 Literally all intellectuals supported Khomeini, 772 00:49:50,870 --> 00:49:51,810 from right to left. 773 00:49:51,810 --> 00:49:54,603 Including those who had supported the Shah. 774 00:49:55,890 --> 00:49:59,850 All our big business, you know, our big tycoons, you know 775 00:49:59,850 --> 00:50:02,010 our billionaires, they all supported him. 776 00:50:02,010 --> 00:50:05,470 So he had created a degree of unity 777 00:50:06,430 --> 00:50:10,070 among all these different factions in Tehran, 778 00:50:10,070 --> 00:50:11,323 which was impressive. 779 00:50:13,330 --> 00:50:14,940 Khomeini's first visit 780 00:50:14,940 --> 00:50:18,280 to the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery on the outskirts of Tehran, 781 00:50:18,280 --> 00:50:21,030 where the victims of the Shah regime are buried 782 00:50:21,030 --> 00:50:22,910 and to the Holy City of Qom 783 00:50:22,910 --> 00:50:25,573 where his resistance began many years before. 784 00:50:33,590 --> 00:50:35,680 The confrontation between these two 785 00:50:35,680 --> 00:50:37,830 could be summarized to the confrontation 786 00:50:37,830 --> 00:50:39,383 of two opposing will's. 787 00:50:41,090 --> 00:50:42,490 And in such a confrontation, 788 00:50:42,490 --> 00:50:45,540 it is always the stronger will that will win, you know. 789 00:50:45,540 --> 00:50:48,453 And that's what exactly what happened in Iran. 790 00:50:49,550 --> 00:50:53,230 Khomeini's will was far stronger 791 00:50:54,270 --> 00:50:56,370 to conquer power 792 00:50:56,370 --> 00:50:58,833 than the Shah's will to keep power. 793 00:51:02,850 --> 00:51:05,260 After an Odyssey through several countries, 794 00:51:05,260 --> 00:51:08,040 the Shah dies of terminal cancer in Cairo, 795 00:51:08,040 --> 00:51:10,940 on the 27th of July, 1980. 796 00:51:10,940 --> 00:51:13,400 He lived to be 60 years of age. 797 00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:16,100 His body is buried in the Al-Rifai Mosque 798 00:51:16,100 --> 00:51:17,533 in the Egyptian capital. 799 00:51:22,780 --> 00:51:25,430 Ayatollah Khomeini dies of a heart attack 800 00:51:25,430 --> 00:51:29,150 on the 3rd of June, 1989 in Tehran. 801 00:51:29,150 --> 00:51:31,383 His resting place is a mausoleum. 802 00:51:33,120 --> 00:51:34,750 During his 10 year reign, 803 00:51:34,750 --> 00:51:38,020 he implemented his ideas of an Islamic revolution 804 00:51:38,020 --> 00:51:40,130 with uncompromising vigor 805 00:51:40,130 --> 00:51:43,360 and turned Iran into a theocracy. 806 00:51:43,360 --> 00:51:45,660 Thus setting the dynamic in motion, 807 00:51:45,660 --> 00:51:49,658 which even today keeps the world in suspense. 808 00:51:49,658 --> 00:51:52,241 (sombre music)